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    難しい英語

    Jan 23, 2025 16:30
    298 32 6 Japanese
    日本語を第一言語とする英語学習者について気づいたことについて紹介してみたいと思います。 長く勉強していてもなかなか使いこなせない、文法やフレーズは何ですか? 英語と日本語はそれぞれ構造がだいぶ違うことから、お互いの言語を学ぶ際、日本人、または英語圏の人が必ず苦労する文法があると思います。 日本語学習者の場合はまず、助詞、てにをはですよね。語尾も色々ありすぎてどれを使えばいいか迷ってしまいます。 また、日本語で主語をはじめ、省略する内容が多いので、学習者は人の話をよく聞かないと大事な情報を聞き逃します… あとは日本語の時制も一見して英語より簡単そうに見えますが、実は結構奥が深いと思います。例えば「します」という動詞はdo, will do, would doなど、文脈によって様々な時制を表すことができます。 英語学習に関しては冠詞で苦戦することが有名ですね。 アメリカ人はカタコト英語のマネをするように頼まれたら「I go to store, I buy apple」みたいに、冠詞を抜いて話すでしょう。 非ネイティブ、特に第一言語に冠詞がない人にとって難しい文法の一つです。 あと日本語では複数形と単数形が文法であまり区別されないのに対して、英語は名詞を使うたびに複数か単数かいちいちはっきりさせなきゃいけないので、単数形と複数形の概念も日本人にとって当然難しいでしょう。(頭で分かっていてもついつい間違いやすい…) 前置詞、特に動詞と前置詞とのcollocationを覚えるのに時間がかかるようです。Look up/at/after/around/in/for/onなど、前置詞を変えることで動詞の意味が変わります。 いずれも、初心者も上級者も間違えることがあると思います。 そして、私は最近気になっているのが現在・過去完了形と過去形の使い分けです。英文法の知識が限られているので教える側としてどう説明すれば良いか悩むことがあります。 I have eaten dinner yesterdayとか、明かな間違いもあれば、微妙に間違っている場合もあります。 一番気になるのは、過去形を使えばいいのに過去・現在完了形を使ってしまったパターンです。 例えば「私は店に行きました」ということをI have/had gone to the storeと訳した場合です。 I have gone to the storeがあり得るのは、「行った経験がある」や「まだ店に行かないの?」と聞かれた時などの場合ですよね。 また、I had gone to the storeは「店に行ったところだった」や「もうすでに店に行っていた」などの状況に使い、現在完了よりさらにニュアンスが細かい印象です。 しかし「(過去のある時点に)店に行きました」と過去の出来事を伝えているだけのであれば、have/had goneかwentか、どちらかと言えばI [b]went[/b] to the storeになると思います。 だから過去にこんなことをしたという事実だけを伝える時は、原則としては、過去形がいいという気がします。特に過去形を使う必要がある時に間違えて「have」を使ってしまった場合、時系列が狂い、誤解を招くかも知れません。 とはいえ、「じゃあ過去形と完了形の使い分けについて納得の行く説明をしなさい」と言われてもうまくできないと思います。むしろ、私よりも学習者の皆さんの方がうまく説明できると思います。 皆さんは過去形と現在・過去完了形の使い分けをどのように理解されているのでしょうか。もしよかったら教えてください。

    I would like to introduce what I have noticed about learning English with Japanese as a first language. What grammar or phrases do you find difficult to master, even after studying for a long time? Since the structures of English and Japanese are quite different from each other, there are certain grammar points that Japanese or English-speaking people always have difficulty with when learning each other's language. For learners of Japanese, the first thing to consider is particles or “te-ni-o-ha”. There are also so many different endings that it is hard to know which one to use. Furthermore, there are many things that are omitted in Japanese, including the subject, so learners must listen carefully to what people say or they will miss important information... Also, the tenses in Japanese seem easier than in English at first glance, but I think they are actually quite deep. For example, the verb “shimasu” can express various tenses depending on the context, such as do, will do, would do, and so on. As for learning English, the struggle with articles is well known. If an American was asked to imitate broken English, they would probably say something like “I go to the store, I buy apples” removing the articles. This is one of the most difficult grammatical structures for non-native speakers, especially those who do not have articles in their first language. Also, while Japanese grammar does not distinguish between plural and singular forms, the concept of singular and plural forms is naturally difficult when studying English because you have to clarify whether a noun is plural or singular every time you use it. (It is easy to make a mistake even if you know it in your head...) It seems to take time to learn prepositions, especially collocation of verbs and prepositions. Changing prepositions such as look up/at/after/around/in/for/on changes the meaning of the verb. I think all of these can be used mistakenly by both beginners and advanced learners. Also, I have recently been wondering about the use of the present/past perfect tense and the past tense. As a teacher, I sometimes wonder how to explain this because my knowledge of English grammar is limited. Some mistakes are obvious, such as “I have eaten dinner yesterday,” while others are more subtle. What bothers me the most is the pattern of using the past/present perfect tense when one should have used the past tense. For example, when “[i]mise ni ikimashita[/i]” is translated as I have/had gone to the store. I have gone to the store could be, “I have been there before” or used after having been asked “Have you gone shopping yet,” right?  "I had gone to the store” is used in situations such as ‘...[i]itta tokoro[/i]’ or ‘[i]mou sude ni itta[/i],’ and seems more nuanced than the present perfect. However, if you are just talking about a past event, like “[i]mise ni itta[/i] (at some point in the past),” if you had to choose between had/have and went, I think it would more likely be I [i][b]went[/b][/i] to the store. I feel that when conveying only the fact that you did this in the past, as a general rule, the past tense is better. In particular, if you mistakenly use “have” when you need to use the past tense, the time line will be out of order and it may cause misunderstanding. However, I don't think I would do well if I were asked to give a convincing explanation of the difference between the past tense and the perfect tense. I think you can explain it better than I can. How do you understand the distinction between the past tense and the present/past perfect tense? Please let me know if you can help me.

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